The Effect of Economic Hardship on Mental Health Among Low-Income Earners in Bauchi State
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Background of the Study
Economic hardship has emerged as a critical determinant of mental health worldwide, particularly among low-income earners in developing countries. Nigeria, facing persistent economic challenges such as high inflation, unemployment, and currency depreciation, has seen increasing reports of psychological distress, especially among vulnerable populations (World Bank, 2024). Bauchi State, one of Nigeria's economically disadvantaged regions, has a significant number of residents struggling with financial instability, which exacerbates stress, anxiety, and depression (National Bureau of Statistics, 2023).
Research has established a strong link between financial stress and mental health disorders. Low-income earners often experience chronic stress due to job insecurity, inability to meet basic needs, and lack of access to healthcare services (WHO, 2023). These stressors contribute to anxiety, depression, and in severe cases, suicidal tendencies. Additionally, economic hardship affects family dynamics, leading to strained relationships, domestic conflicts, and social isolation, which further deteriorates mental well-being (Adewale et al., 2024).
In Bauchi State, the situation is particularly concerning due to the high rate of poverty and inadequate mental health support systems. Many affected individuals lack access to psychological counseling and psychiatric services, leading to untreated mental health conditions. Cultural stigmatization of mental health issues also prevents people from seeking help, compounding the crisis (UNDP, 2024). Given these challenges, it is imperative to investigate the effect of economic hardship on mental health among low-income earners in Bauchi State. This study will provide insights into the psychological consequences of financial distress and suggest policy interventions to mitigate its impact.
Statement of the Problem
Despite increasing awareness of mental health issues, the impact of economic hardship on mental well-being remains underexplored in Nigeria, particularly in Bauchi State. The rising cost of living, lack of job opportunities, and financial insecurity contribute to high stress levels among low-income earners, yet there is limited research on the extent of mental health challenges faced by this group (Eze & Olamide, 2023).
Furthermore, access to mental health services in Bauchi State is inadequate, with a severe shortage of mental health professionals and facilities. Many low-income earners resort to self-medication or traditional remedies due to financial constraints, leading to worsening mental health conditions (Okafor et al., 2024). Additionally, cultural stigma surrounding mental illness discourages open discussions and prevents individuals from seeking professional help.
Given these realities, this study seeks to assess the relationship between economic hardship and mental health challenges among low-income earners in Bauchi State. It will also explore coping mechanisms used by affected individuals and propose strategies for improving mental health support services.
Objectives of the Study
1. To examine the impact of economic hardship on mental health among low-income earners in Bauchi State.
2. To identify the common mental health challenges faced by financially struggling individuals.
3. To explore policy recommendations for improving mental health support for low-income earners in Bauchi State.
Research Questions
1. How does economic hardship affect mental health among low-income earners in Bauchi State?
2. What are the common mental health challenges experienced by individuals facing financial distress?
3. What policy interventions can enhance mental health support for low-income earners?
Research Hypotheses
1. Economic hardship has a significant negative effect on mental health among low-income earners in Bauchi State.
2. Low-income earners experiencing financial distress are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.
3. Improving access to mental health services will mitigate the impact of economic hardship on psychological well-being.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study focuses on low-income earners in Bauchi State and examines the relationship between economic hardship and mental health. Limitations include the availability of mental health data, reluctance of respondents to discuss psychological issues, and potential biases in self-reported experiences.
Definition of Terms
• Economic Hardship: A financial condition characterized by low income, unemployment, and inability to afford basic necessities.
• Mental Health: A state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
• Psychological Distress: Emotional suffering caused by stressors such as financial instability.
• Cultural Stigma: Negative societal perceptions and discrimination against individuals with mental health issues.
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